Ph.D. Thesis - Appendices
Dr. scient. thesis Arild Palmström:
RMi – a rock mass characterizing system for rock engineering purposes
University of Oslo, Norway
APPENDICES
2 Jointing characteristics
2.1 Joint sets
2.2 Joint spacing
2.3 Jointing pattern and block types
3 Attitude of joints
4 Development of jointing in various rock
4.1 Jointing in igneous rocks
4.2 Jointing in sedimentary rocks
4.3 Jointing in metamorphic rocks
5 Statistical distribution of joints
6 Summary
2 Faults and fracture zones
2.1 Occurrence of faults and fractures
2.2 Composition and structure of faults
2.3 Gouge (filling materials) in faults
2.4 Tension fracture zones
2.5 Shear fault and fracture zones
2.6 Altered faults
3 Recrystallized and cemented/welded zones
4 Description of weakness zones
5 Summary
Appendix 3: Methods to quantify the parameters applied in the RMi
1 Methods to determine the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks
1.1 The uniaxial compressive strength (σc
1.2 Effect of saturation upon strength
1.3 Compressive strength determined from the point-load strength
1.4 Compressive strength estimated from Schmidt hammer rebound number
1.5 Compressive strength assessed from simple field test
1.6 Compressive strength estimated from rock description
1.7 Summary
2 Methods to determine the joint condition factor (jC
2.1 Estimating the joint roughness factor (jR
2.2 Estimating the joint alteration factor (jA)
2.3 Estimating the ratio jR/jA from friction angle recordings
2.4 The joint size and continuity factor (jL)
2.5 Summary
3 Methods to determine the block size
3.1 Types of block volume and joint density measurements
3.2 Block volume measurements
3.3 Block diameter registrations
3.4 Rock quality designation (RQD)
3.5 The volumetric joint count (Jv)
3.6 Joint frequency measurements
3.7 Joint spacing registrations
3.8 Weighted joint density measurements (wJd)
3.9 Use of refraction seismic measurements to assess block volume
3.10 Summary of the correlations to determine the block size
4 Methods to characterize the type and shape of rock blocks
5 "Translation" of qualitative descriptions into numerical values
5.1 Rock material characteristics
5.2 Joint characteristics
5.3 Block size or quantity of joints
5.4 Faults and weakness zones
5.5 Examples of numerical values found from qualitative descriptions
5.6 Summary
Appendix 4: An investigation of the quality of various jointing measurements
1 Layout of the investigations performed
2 Block shape measurement
3 2-D and 1-D joint frequency registrations
3.1 2-D frequency measurements
3.2 1-D frequency measurements
4 Weighted joint density measurements
4.1 Surface observations
4.2 Borehole logging
5 Calculations of block volume from simplified jointing measurements
6 Rock quality designation (RQD)
6.1 Connection between the RQD and the volumetric joint count (Jv)
6.2 Connection between block volume and "block size" expressed as RQD/Jn
in the Q system
7 Summary
1.1 Factors influencing the sonic velocities in intact rock
1.2 The influence from in situ factors on measured sonic velocities
2 Earlier methods used to characterize rock masses from seismic velocities
2.1 Connections between jointing and longitudinal velocities
2.2 Rock quality estimated from the seismic velocity ratio
2.3 Correlations between seismic velocities and rock mass characteristics
3 Methods for assessing the degree of jointing from in situ seismic velocities
3.1 Alt. 1: Correlations between jointing and sonic velocity are not known
3.2 Alt. 2: Two or more correlations exist between jointing and velocities
3.3 Worked examples
4 Summary
Appendix 6: Description of the tests and data used in the calibration of the RMi
1 Sample 1. Results from triaxial laboratory tests on Panguna andesite
2 Sample 2. Large, compressive laboratory test on granitic rock from Stripa
3 Sample 3. In situ tests on mine pillars of sandstone in the Laisvall mine
4 Sample 4. Strength data found from back analysis of a slide in the Långsele mine
5 Sample 5 - 7. Results from large-scale laboratory triaxial tests
5.1 Sample 5. Caledonian clay-schist from Germany
5.2 Sample 6. Mesozoic sandstone from Germany
5.3 Sample 7. Palaeozoic siltstone from Germany
Appendix 7: Collected data on ground conditions and rock support in constructed underground openings
1 Description of the locations
1.1 Gjövik Olympic mountain hall, Norway
1.2 Granfoss road tunnels, Oslo
1.3 Haukrei hydropower plant, Telemark, Norway
1.4 Vinstra hydropower plant, Norway
1.5 Horga hydropower plant, Buskerud, Norway
1.6 Tromsö road tunnel, Norway
1.7 Nappstraumen road tunnel, Lofoten, Norway
1.8 Stetind road tunnel, Nordland, Norway
1.9 Njunis tunnel, Bardu, Norway
1.10 Sumbiar road tunnel, The Faroe Islands
1.11 Thingbæk chalk mines, Ålborg, Denmark
2 Calculation of ground characteristics applied in the rock support tables
Appendix 8: Collected data on ground condition and TBM boring performance
1 Boring experience and ground condition at Svartisen Power plant
1.1 Measured rock properties
1.2 Rock mass description in tunnel locations
2 Boring experience and ground condition at Meråker hydropower plant
2.1 Observations at chainage 750
2.2 Observations at the brook intake, chainage 10020
Appendix 9: A method to estimate the tangential stresses around underground openings
1 Estimating the magnitude of the in situ ground stresses
2 The tangential stresses developed around an underground opening
3 A practical method to estimate the magnitude of the tangential stresses
Appendix 10: Symbols used
1 General
2 Rock properties
3 Jointing and block characteristics
4 Stresses and related parameters
5 Refraction seismic properties and features
6 Rock mass properties and features
6.1 Classification systems and parameters
6.2 Parameters and features in the Rock Mass index (RMi)
7 Parameters in the RMi rock support method
8 Parameters and features in the RMi method for TBM penetration
assessment method
Click here to see the complete table of contents in the Ph.D. thesis.
RMi – a rock mass characterizing system for rock engineering purposes
University of Oslo, Norway
APPENDICES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Appendix 1: On joints and jointing
1 Joint characteristics2 Jointing characteristics
2.1 Joint sets
2.2 Joint spacing
2.3 Jointing pattern and block types
3 Attitude of joints
4 Development of jointing in various rock
4.1 Jointing in igneous rocks
4.2 Jointing in sedimentary rocks
4.3 Jointing in metamorphic rocks
5 Statistical distribution of joints
6 Summary
Appendix 2: On faults and weakness zones
1 Zones of weak materials2 Faults and fracture zones
2.1 Occurrence of faults and fractures
2.2 Composition and structure of faults
2.3 Gouge (filling materials) in faults
2.4 Tension fracture zones
2.5 Shear fault and fracture zones
2.6 Altered faults
3 Recrystallized and cemented/welded zones
4 Description of weakness zones
5 Summary
Appendix 3: Methods to quantify the parameters applied in the RMi
1 Methods to determine the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks
1.1 The uniaxial compressive strength (σc
1.2 Effect of saturation upon strength
1.3 Compressive strength determined from the point-load strength
1.4 Compressive strength estimated from Schmidt hammer rebound number
1.5 Compressive strength assessed from simple field test
1.6 Compressive strength estimated from rock description
1.7 Summary
2 Methods to determine the joint condition factor (jC
2.1 Estimating the joint roughness factor (jR
2.2 Estimating the joint alteration factor (jA)
2.3 Estimating the ratio jR/jA from friction angle recordings
2.4 The joint size and continuity factor (jL)
2.5 Summary
3 Methods to determine the block size
3.1 Types of block volume and joint density measurements
3.2 Block volume measurements
3.3 Block diameter registrations
3.4 Rock quality designation (RQD)
3.5 The volumetric joint count (Jv)
3.6 Joint frequency measurements
3.7 Joint spacing registrations
3.8 Weighted joint density measurements (wJd)
3.9 Use of refraction seismic measurements to assess block volume
3.10 Summary of the correlations to determine the block size
4 Methods to characterize the type and shape of rock blocks
5 "Translation" of qualitative descriptions into numerical values
5.1 Rock material characteristics
5.2 Joint characteristics
5.3 Block size or quantity of joints
5.4 Faults and weakness zones
5.5 Examples of numerical values found from qualitative descriptions
5.6 Summary
Appendix 4: An investigation of the quality of various jointing measurements
1 Layout of the investigations performed
2 Block shape measurement
3 2-D and 1-D joint frequency registrations
3.1 2-D frequency measurements
3.2 1-D frequency measurements
4 Weighted joint density measurements
4.1 Surface observations
4.2 Borehole logging
5 Calculations of block volume from simplified jointing measurements
6 Rock quality designation (RQD)
6.1 Connection between the RQD and the volumetric joint count (Jv)
6.2 Connection between block volume and "block size" expressed as RQD/Jn
in the Q system
7 Summary
Appendix 5: Using refraction seismic velocities to characterize jointing
1 Features influencing the magnitude of longitudinal sonic velocities1.1 Factors influencing the sonic velocities in intact rock
1.2 The influence from in situ factors on measured sonic velocities
2 Earlier methods used to characterize rock masses from seismic velocities
2.1 Connections between jointing and longitudinal velocities
2.2 Rock quality estimated from the seismic velocity ratio
2.3 Correlations between seismic velocities and rock mass characteristics
3 Methods for assessing the degree of jointing from in situ seismic velocities
3.1 Alt. 1: Correlations between jointing and sonic velocity are not known
3.2 Alt. 2: Two or more correlations exist between jointing and velocities
3.3 Worked examples
4 Summary
Appendix 6: Description of the tests and data used in the calibration of the RMi
1 Sample 1. Results from triaxial laboratory tests on Panguna andesite
2 Sample 2. Large, compressive laboratory test on granitic rock from Stripa
3 Sample 3. In situ tests on mine pillars of sandstone in the Laisvall mine
4 Sample 4. Strength data found from back analysis of a slide in the Långsele mine
5 Sample 5 - 7. Results from large-scale laboratory triaxial tests
5.1 Sample 5. Caledonian clay-schist from Germany
5.2 Sample 6. Mesozoic sandstone from Germany
5.3 Sample 7. Palaeozoic siltstone from Germany
Appendix 7: Collected data on ground conditions and rock support in constructed underground openings
1 Description of the locations
1.1 Gjövik Olympic mountain hall, Norway
1.2 Granfoss road tunnels, Oslo
1.3 Haukrei hydropower plant, Telemark, Norway
1.4 Vinstra hydropower plant, Norway
1.5 Horga hydropower plant, Buskerud, Norway
1.6 Tromsö road tunnel, Norway
1.7 Nappstraumen road tunnel, Lofoten, Norway
1.8 Stetind road tunnel, Nordland, Norway
1.9 Njunis tunnel, Bardu, Norway
1.10 Sumbiar road tunnel, The Faroe Islands
1.11 Thingbæk chalk mines, Ålborg, Denmark
2 Calculation of ground characteristics applied in the rock support tables
Appendix 8: Collected data on ground condition and TBM boring performance
1 Boring experience and ground condition at Svartisen Power plant
1.1 Measured rock properties
1.2 Rock mass description in tunnel locations
2 Boring experience and ground condition at Meråker hydropower plant
2.1 Observations at chainage 750
2.2 Observations at the brook intake, chainage 10020
Appendix 9: A method to estimate the tangential stresses around underground openings
1 Estimating the magnitude of the in situ ground stresses
2 The tangential stresses developed around an underground opening
3 A practical method to estimate the magnitude of the tangential stresses
Appendix 10: Symbols used
1 General
2 Rock properties
3 Jointing and block characteristics
4 Stresses and related parameters
5 Refraction seismic properties and features
6 Rock mass properties and features
6.1 Classification systems and parameters
6.2 Parameters and features in the Rock Mass index (RMi)
7 Parameters in the RMi rock support method
8 Parameters and features in the RMi method for TBM penetration
assessment method
Click here to see the complete table of contents in the Ph.D. thesis.
